Review on Design and Performance of the Medical Ventilators

Ventilators we are available with have several drawbacks such as difficult to port, expensive and meant to be operated by professionals which create hardness in fighting with medical care. Thus, it creates suffering for people in the pandemic like COVID19. So, it is required to develop a ventilator that can be affordable, easy to port and install. We aimed to design a IoT based ventilator system using various electronic devices such as microcontroller and sensors that could monitor patient's body status. People suffering from COVID19 or any lung disease find difficulty in breathing so in such condition of emergency this smart ventilator system can be used. Ambu bag is used to provide certain volume of air that is pressed by using motor mechanism. A portable low-cost ventilator with computerized controlling and feedback system is installed. Ventilator designed can be connected to an interface for smart functioning. This paper provides us with different methods to monitor the patient's health condition by measurement of pressure, level of breathing to know whether the condition is healthy or unhealthy. The designing and developing of low-cost portable ventilator deliver breaths to patients when Ambu bag is compressed by using a piston connected to servo motor whose speed can be varied. Input of the designed system is patient's heart beat and breathing rate and the volume of oxygen provided to patient's lung with required beathing rate is the output of the system. PID (proportional Integral Derivative) and Full state feedback H2 controllers are used for the performance analysis of the system. Result of this review paper is found that a low-cost ventilator is developed removing all the possible shortcomings of existing conventional ventilator. Ventilator designed is portable and smart by using Arduino, servo motor and ambu bag preferred for emergency uses and available for clinical application. © 2023 IEEE.

Development of a Slider Type Mechanical Ventilator System Using Ambu Bag for Emergency Breathing Assistance

In this paper, a slider type mechanical ventilator system using Ambu bag for emergency breathing assistance device was proposed and evaluated. A new type coronavirus infection occurred in early December 2019, and the infection has spread worldwide. When it became severe, respiratory failure often occurs, and there is concern about a shortage of ventilators. Meanwhile, MIT has released a blueprint for a mechanical type ventilator using an Ambu bag. In this study, we started the development based on the MIT ventilator. In our method, we proposed to reduce the load on the motor compared to the MIT type by using a horizontally moving slider to push in the pads. Using a test lung connected to Ambu bag device, we confirmed the mechanical stability between the MIT type and our proposed device. Next, we confirmed the three pads device manufacturing methods for device failure characteristics when driven for a long time (max two weeks). At last, we introduced the simple proportional type controller, and confirmed the pressure stability. The proposed a slider type mechanical Ambu bag ventilator system could realize that the Ambu bag did not move for at least one week and showed stable driving characteristics. Comparing the three types of pads manufacturing methods, the highest-performance pads used duralumin for the columns, and surface of the pad used ABS resin. Simple P controller real time pressure control experiment shows that it was necessary to device a pressure control method after carefully considering the characteristics of the check valve that responds to non-linear pressure inside the Ambu bag. © 2022 IEEE.

Design and Development of Double Air Suction Resuscitation Device Using Scotch Yoke Mechanism

Aim was to make a low cost, lightweight, portable, automated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) device, which can be used while shifting patients, or emergency situation and cater to patient’s breathing requirement.Looking at the situations likes Covid-19 or natural disaster, two point air supplies to cater to two patients simultaneously is planned.Proposed design will provide customized air supply with variation in pressure as well as volume of air for maintaining breathing comfort of different age group of patients.The device will be fabricated mainly in three parts, namely actuating mechanism, arrangement for variable air supply pressure, and flow volume and feedback control loop for automated customized operation.Scotch Yoke mechanism has been used to convert rotary motion of DC motor to linear motion.One-point rotary motion is converted to two-point linear motion.Hence, the device may be used to provide CPR to two patient’s simultaneously.Variable speed is attained through PWM that may change current supply which in turn gets stabilized via inbuilt switching IC.The hardware has been incorporated.Similarly, to control flow volume, position of crank pin will be altered by using guide ways via feedback control. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

A Low-cost Ambu-bag Based Ventilator for Covid-19 Pandemic

The whole world is under the influence of the novel Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), which hit hard most of the developed and developing countries, leading to the death of millions of people around the world. This disease majorly affects the respiratory tract, which can progress to more severe or potentially deadly conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or hypoxemia, owing to widespread inflammation of the lungs. Conventionally used ventilator devices are quite expensive and require trained staff for its smooth operation. Generally, in developing countries these types of ventilators are limited in numbers and available only at multispecialty hospitals. So as to tackle and fulfill the urgent need of ventilators, we come up with a device which is a low-cost, easy to assemble, portable automated AMBU resuscitator system, that can be easily scaled, to fight the ongoing pandemic. The device provides precise control over various ventilation parameters, such as PEEP, peak pressure, tidal volume, I/E, BPM, while operating in pressure mode.

Linear regression model and least square method for experimental identification of AMBU bag in simple ventilator

Purpose In the COVID-19 outbreak periods, people's life has been deranged, leading to disrupt the world. Firstly, the number of deaths is growing and has the potential to surpass the highest level at any time. Secondly, the pandemic broke many countries' fortified lines of epidemic prevention and gave people a more honest view of its seriousness. Finally, the pandemic has an impact on life, and the economy led to a shortage in medical, including a lack of clinicians, facilities and medical equipment. One of those, a simple ventilator is a necessary piece of medical equipment since it might be useful for a COVID-19 patient's treatment. In some cases, the COVID-19 patients require to be treated by modern ventilators to reduce lung damage. Therefore, the addition of simple ventilators is a necessity to relieve high work pressure on medical bureaucracies. Some low-income countries aim to build a simple ventilator for primary care and palliative care using locally accessible and low-cost components. One of the simple principles for producing airflow is to squeeze an artificial manual breathing unit (AMBU) iterative with grippers, which imitates the motion of human fingers. Unfortunately, the squeezing angle of grippers is not proportional to the exhaust air volume from the AMBU bag. This paper aims to model the AMBU bag by a mathematical equation that enables to implement on a simple controller to operate a bag-valve-mask (BVM) ventilator with high accuracy performance. Design/methodology/approach This paper provides a curvature function to estimate the air volume exhausting from the AMBU bag. Since the determination of the curvature function is sophisticated, the coefficients of the curvature function are approximated by a quadratic function through the experimental identification method. To obtain the high accuracy performance, a linear regression model and a least square method are employed to investigate the characteristic of the BVM ventilator's grippers angle with respect to the airflow volume produced by the AMBU bag. Findings This paper investigates the correlation between the exhausting airflow of the AMBU bag and the grippers angle of the BVM ventilator. Originality/value The experimental results validated that the regression model of the characteristic of the exhausting airflow of the AMBU bag with respect to the grippers' angle has been fitted with a coefficient over 98% within the range of 350-750 ml.

Low-Cost Blower-Based Ventilator

Ventilator has become an intensively important part of medicalhealthcare, especially in this widespread pandemic of COVID-19. The most popular one is an Ambu Bag with a bag valve mask (BVM). This ventilator, however, requires a manual resuscitator to operate its function with a limited air volume inside the bag. During the operation, moreover, it causes the noisy sound due to its mechanism as well. The alternative is using Non-Ambu Bag ventilator. This optional ventilator can regulate using user's smartphone to command the operation of ventilator with configurable quantity and rate of volume and flow. © 2021 IEEE.

A Low-cost, Automated, Portable Mechanical Ventilator for Developing World

A large portion of world's population, especially in developing world, gets affected by the respiratory diseases. Often these patients need a medical device called a ventilator for assistance with their breathing. The ventilator is an expensive and complicated equipment and is often unavailable to patients, leading to severe complications and mortality. In this paper, we present a system that automates the use of a conventional bag valve mask (BVM) and regulates its operation to mimic the response of an ICU Ventilator for life saving applications. The system consists of motorized actuators, sensors, valves and a control system to achieve controlled volume ventilation. This paper presents system design and implementation techniques for this low-cost design. The system has been tested extensively using ventilator testers and is being developed into a product for use in under-resourced settings.

A Novel Multi-Patient Mechanical Ventilator Drive System Using Continuously Variable Transmission and Reverse Gearbox

In the present study, a new model of multi-mechanical ventilator drive using a continuously variable transmission (CVT) cone was presented as the main driving force to control the pressure of the BVM Ambu bag, which can produce different airflow pressures for several patients, and using a worm gear to isolate the CVT cone so as not to get the load generated from the pressure of the Ambu bag. In addition, the reverse gear transmission system is used to control the direction of rotation, and the leadscrew is used to change the rotation according to the linear translational motion of the Ambu bag pushing arm. In this system, a DC motor is used as the main driver, and a flexible tuner cable that can be connected to other ventilators is utilized. This research shows that this CVT system can reduce rotation down to 60.35% and increase rotation up to 148.26% with constant rotation input. There are 23 points of change in the position of the belt, which causes variations in the pouch pressing. The system can produce the highest and lowest pressure value at 20.2 and 0.4 cm H2O. Simultaneously, the rotation of the flexible tuner cable showed no significant change. However, the weakness in the CVT system is the belt friction with the cone surface causing heat and slippage. In this case, the selection of the appropriate material and belt shape can cause belt displacement easiness that important in appropriate speed for applied pressure. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.